MORE ON VIRUSES & EXOSOMES
And Infection Triggers
CONTENTS — FIND IN PAGE
OTHER VIRUSES PROVED PATHOGENIC
KOCH’S POSTULATES ADAPTED TO VIRUSES
INTRO
Under our post, INCRIMINATING PATENTS UPDATE, Ekoh commented that "no one is able to find evidence that any [viruses] have been isolated and can cause disease". I’ve countered this claim in several previous posts now in my ebook at https://zzzzzzz.substack.com/i/114425841/faq-viruses-and-vaxes. But AI is able to provide further explanation that’s likely worth mentioning here. AI may not find evidence that the Covid virus was man-made, because of its algorithm, but the following seems relevant for counter-argument. Before I get to the counter-argument, I’ll add this brief comment on exosomes.
EXOSOMES VS. VIRUSES
One of my posts in the above ebook section covered a video by Andrew Kaufman who claimed that exosomes are mistaken for viruses. I consider that to be a strong possibility, but he admitted that exosomes are routinely released from our bodies. AI says “Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by nearly all cell types into the surrounding environment, including various body fluids such as blood, saliva, urine, and breast milk1,4,6.” Something Kaufman didn’t mention is that “Exosomes are found in nearly all eukaryotic kingdoms and many orders. They can mediate both beneficial and harmful effects across species, including the transmission of toxic proteins and infectious agents such as prions2,8,10.” So I figured that exosomes could have the toxic effects attributed to viruses. But now, AI adds “Cross-species exosomes can act like viruses in their ability to deliver genetic material and proteins to recipient cells, alter cellular function, and sometimes contribute to disease processes. However, they lack the defining feature of viruses: the ability to replicate autonomously within host cells4,1,8.” I pressed the issue and got this additional response, “Dozens of studies have examined the role of exosomes in viral disease, demonstrating that exosomes can transmit viral components and influence infection, but there is no evidence that exosomes by themselves (in the absence of viral material) cause the same diseases as viruses1,2,4,6. Instead, exosomes are now recognized as important mediators of viral pathogenesis, immune modulation, and intercellular communication in the context of infection.” It says, “The term ‘exosome’ was specifically applied by Rose Johnstone and colleagues in 1987 to describe these vesicles released during reticulocyte maturation1,2,4.” So I guess they’ve had plenty of time to study them fairly thoroughly.
INFECTION TRIGGERS
Also, viruses are harmless to healthy people.
In vivo infection by a single virion is rare, and this rarity suggests that additional factors influence whether infection takes hold in a living organism. While experimental and modeling studies confirm that infection can, in principle, be initiated by a single infectious virion in vivo, the probability of this occurring is low due to multiple biological barriers, such as immune defenses, physical barriers (like mucus), and stochastic failures during the early steps of infection6,8. Most virions that enter the body are cleared or fail to establish productive infection, and only a small fraction successfully initiate infection, highlighting that successful in vivo infection depends not just on the presence of a virion but also on host factors, the local environment, and chance events1,6,8. This means that while a single virion is theoretically sufficient, the actual establishment of infection in vivo usually requires a higher inoculum to reliably overcome these barriers.
A healthy diet and lifestyle are strongly associated with a reduced risk of catching colds and other respiratory infections. Scientific evidence supports that regular exercise, adequate sleep, good nutrition (including plenty of fruits, vegetables, and adequate vitamins), effective stress management, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol all contribute to a stronger immune system and lower susceptibility to viral infections like the common cold1,4,5. While exposure to cold viruses is common, individuals who consistently maintain these healthy habits are less likely to get sick, or may experience milder symptoms if they do become infected1,5.
COVID VIRUSES ARE PATHOGENIC
The assertion that "no one is able to find evidence that any [viruses] have been isolated and can cause disease" is directly contradicted by extensive scientific evidence:
Virus Isolation: Numerous studies have demonstrated the isolation of viruses from clinical samples. For example, SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, was isolated from patient samples and propagated in cell culture, providing reference material for further research1,3,4,7. The process of virus isolation is a standard technique in virology, used routinely for many viruses2.
Demonstration of Disease Causation: The relationship between viruses and disease has been established using criteria derived from Koch's postulates, which have been adapted for viruses. These criteria require that a virus be found in diseased tissue, isolated and grown in culture, shown to cause disease when introduced into a healthy host, and re-isolated from the experimentally infected host68. This framework has been fulfilled for many viral pathogens.
Peer-Reviewed Evidence: For SARS-CoV-2 specifically, peer-reviewed studies detail the successful isolation of the virus from respiratory specimens and its ability to infect cells in vitro, confirming its role as an infectious agent causing disease1,3,4,7.
RFK Jr. and many others of us, of course, contend that the Covid virus was man-made.
References:
Harcourt et al., "Isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 from the first US COVID-19 patient," Emerging Infectious Diseases (2020)1.
Lin et al., "Culture-Based Virus Isolation To Evaluate Potential Infectivity of Clinical Specimens from COVID-19 Patients," Journal of Clinical Microbiology (2020)4.
Nature Scientific Reports, "Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 isolation in cell culture from nasal/nasopharyngeal swab or saliva specimens" (2023)3.
ScienceDirect Topics, "Virus Isolation" (overview of methods and applications)2.
Rivers, T.M., "Viruses and Koch's Postulates," Journal of Bacteriology (1937)6.
Prusiner, S.B., "Koch's Postulates and Infectious Proteins," PNAS (2006)8.
In summary, the existence, isolation, and disease-causing potential of viruses are well-established in the scientific literature, and claims to the contrary are not supported by credible evidence.
OTHER VIRUSES PROVED PATHOGENIC
There is robust scientific evidence documenting the isolation of many viruses and their role in causing disease, well beyond COVID-19. Here are references to studies on several other viruses:
Measles Virus:
Measles virus has been repeatedly isolated from clinical cases using tissue culture methods. For example, one study investigated 25 cases of clinical measles, successfully isolating the virus in 9 early cases and confirming its identity and immunological properties2,5.
Another study demonstrated isolation of measles virus from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, confirming infection and immune response through viral culture and immunofluorescence1,7.
Detailed molecular characterization of measles virus, including isolation of its nucleocapsid RNA and analysis of its genome, further confirms its existence and biological properties3.
Reviews summarize the history of measles virus isolation, its use in live attenuated vaccines, and its cellular mechanisms of infection4.
Enteroviruses (e.g., Enterovirus D68, Enterovirus A71, Poliovirus):
Enterovirus D68 has been linked to outbreaks of acute flaccid myelitis, with molecular and epidemiological studies establishing its causal role8.
Enterovirus A71 is well-documented as the cause of large outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease with neurological complications, with viral isolation and genetic analysis confirming its involvement8.
Poliovirus, another enterovirus, was historically isolated and shown to cause poliomyelitis in both humans and animal models, fulfilling adapted Koch’s postulates.
Other Viruses:
The identification of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) as the cause of Kaposi's sarcoma is a classic example of viral discovery and disease causation, confirmed through molecular techniques and epidemiological studies6.
Zika virus, first identified in 1952, was isolated and later linked to congenital malformations and neurological disease during outbreaks in the Americas8.
These studies and reviews provide clear, peer-reviewed evidence that viruses have been isolated and shown to cause specific diseases in humans and other organisms1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. The scientific consensus is firmly established on this point.
KOCH’S POSTULATES ADAPTED TO VIRUSES
I omitted the information about Koch's postulates adapted for viruses in the previous response to focus on direct evidence of virus isolation and disease causation, as you requested references for specific studies. However, the adaptation of Koch's postulates for viruses is a crucial aspect of how causality is established in virology and directly addresses the claim that viruses have not been shown to cause disease.
Koch’s postulates, originally developed for bacteria, require modification for viruses because viruses cannot be grown in pure culture without host cells. The adapted postulates for viruses generally include:
Isolation of the virus from a diseased organism
Growth of the virus in host cells (cell culture)
Reproduction of disease when the virus is introduced into a suitable host
Re-isolation of the virus from the experimentally infected host1,4,5
These adaptations account for the unique biology of viruses as obligate intracellular pathogens. The approach has been successfully applied for many viral diseases, including measles, polio, rabies, and others, using cell culture systems and animal models1,4,5. For example, Rivers (1937) formalized the adaptation of Koch's postulates for viruses, and these criteria remain a standard for establishing viral causation1,3,4.
"As applied to viral agents, 'Koch's Postulates' for establishing causation require virus isolation from a diseased organism, growth of the agent in pure culture, and the development of disease when the virus is re-introduced into a healthy organism... This approach has been applied to microbes for over a century and is a current practice not only for identifying pathogenic viruses in diseased organisms, but for the isolation of viruses from their natural reservoirs and vectors that harbor them.1
These adapted postulates have been used to demonstrate causality for a wide range of viruses, confirming that viruses can indeed be isolated and shown to cause disease1,3,4,5.